Walking By Faith With Him

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1 what’s rhetoric

Rhetoric is devided into 3 parts:art of oratory,art of writing and art of style.But it is diffculty to define it because that as Bizzell and Herzberg observe,’it seems less helpful to define it once and for all than to look at some of its important definition and to attemp to understand how each arose and how each still inhabits and shapes the field’.To Aristotle’s world,teaching student rhetoric meant teaching them to become orators.To Gorgias rhetoric was “the ability to persuade with words”;to Isocrates,”the artificer in any given case the available means of persuasion”.For Day,rhetoric is the art of discourse and discourse is the’faculty’ of communicating thoughts.Rhetoric,in Day’s scheme,is connective rather than creative;it is grounded in the sciences of grammar,logic,ethics,and aesthetics,and so it has no content of its own.My definition of rhetoric refers to a way of persuasion.As a speaker,you need ability of persuading others.

2 what’s orators(speaker)

Orator can be defined a person who delivers a speech or oration.

3 Sophist

Sophist refers to professors who lectured on the new learning in literature,science,philosophy,and especially oratory.

4 Iscrates insisted that the “whole man”should be educated within rhetorical education；Aristotle emphasized that speech should be adapted to the psychological predispositions of listening audiences;and the sophists stressed that man is the measure of all things.Rhetoric was anthropocentric.

5 five-fold rhetorical process

The five-fold rhetorical process which included invention,arrangement,style,memory and delivery evolved.

6 3 kinds of oratory

There are three kinds of oratory:the delibertive,the epideictic, and the forensic.

The deliberative or polotical oratory is that in which one deliberated about public affairs,about anything that had to do with politics.

The epideicitic or ceremonial oratory is intended to praise or blame a current state of affairs.It was primarily concerned with the present.

The forendic or legal oratory is intended to provokr judgment concerning a past action.This was the oratory of lawyers in the courtroom,but it can be extended to cover any king of discourse in which a person seeks to defend or condemn someone’s actions.

7 2 kinds of arguments

1.non-artistic or non-technical arguments or means of persuasion.

2.aristic proofs:”artistic”in the sense that they fell within the province of art of rhetoric:rational appeal,emotional appeal,and ethical appear.

In execrcising the rational appeal,the speaker was appealing to the audience’s reason or understanding.When we argue,we reason either dedutively or inductively.In logic,the deductive mode of arguing is commonly referred to by the term that Aristotle used,the syllogism.

A second mode od persuasion is the emotional appeal.Aristotle recognized that a person ,though by nature a rational animal,is ofen prompted to do something or accept something by his or her emotions.

A thrid mode of persuasion was the ethical appeal.This appeal stemmes from the character of the speaker,especially as that character was evinced in the speech itself.

All of an orator’s skill in convincing the intellect and moving the will of an audience could prove futile if the audience did not esteem,could not trust,the speaker.

8 the parts of speech 分析文章 书p.34

9 orator’s duties

orator’s duties:①in De Oratore Antonius repeats his arms as an orator ②secondly their enlightenment ③thirdly their excitement

10 style:Cicero earmarked “the plain style for proof,the middle style for pleasure,the vigorous style for persuasion”

11 The first revival of classical rhetoric in America

In America the first revival of classical rhetoric canperhaps best be associated with John Ward’s A System of Oratory.

12 the second revival of classical rhetoric in America

Two communications movement and the growing displine of literary criticism

13 Rhetorical criticism is the description,analusis,onterpretation,and evaluation of persuasive uses of language

14 Purpose

①to describe discourses accurately and perceptively so that theunique quantities of individul discourses or genres of discourse become clear to the reader 

②to analyze internal elements and stratagems of discourses,and to describe the relationship between discourses and their cultural contexts and persuasive and informative forces impinging on them

③to make evaluative judgment of discourses based on explicit criteria so that the grounds for evaluation are appearent to the reader.

15 Process

①the critic locates the unique characteristics of a discourse or group of discourses

②the critic analyzes the internal working of the discourse and its relation to its milieu③the critic selects or creates a system of criticism to make evaluative judgements of its quality and effects

16 The first stage of criticism:descriptive analysis

17 18 修辞方法见p.280 281

19 Figure is the superordinate term applicable to any rhetorical device.

Scheme will refer to figures of world-order and syntactic patterning.

Trope willreferto figures that play on the sense of words.

后天考试 我还复习的完的啊！！！